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hlp/en/tcl/filename.htm
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hlp/en/tcl/filename.htm
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Tcl Built-In Commands - filename manual page</TITLE></HEAD><BODY>
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<DL>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M2" NAME="L357">NAME</A>
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<DL><DD>filename - File name conventions supported by Tcl commands</DL>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M3" NAME="L358">INTRODUCTION</A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M4" NAME="L359">PATH TYPES</A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M5" NAME="L360">PATH SYNTAX</A>
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<DL>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M6" NAME="L361"><B>mac</B></A>
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<DL>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M7" NAME="L362"><B>:</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M8" NAME="L363"><B>MyFile</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M9" NAME="L364"><B>MyDisk:MyFile</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M10" NAME="L365"><B>:MyDir:MyFile</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M11" NAME="L366"><B>::MyFile</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M12" NAME="L367"><B>:::MyFile</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M13" NAME="L368"><B>/MyDisk/MyFile</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M14" NAME="L369"><B> ../MyFile</B></A>
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</DL>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M15" NAME="L370"><B>unix</B></A>
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<DL>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M16" NAME="L371"><B>/</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M17" NAME="L372"><B>/etc/passwd</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M18" NAME="L373"><B> .</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M19" NAME="L374"><B>foo</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M20" NAME="L375"><B>foo/bar</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M21" NAME="L376"><B> ../foo</B></A>
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</DL>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M22" NAME="L377"><B>windows</B></A>
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<DL>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M23" NAME="L378"><B> \\Host\share/file</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M24" NAME="L379"><B>c:foo</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M25" NAME="L380"><B>c:/foo</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M26" NAME="L381"><B>foo\bar</B></A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M27" NAME="L382"><B> \foo</B></A>
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</DL>
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</DL>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M28" NAME="L383">TILDE SUBSTITUTION</A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M29" NAME="L384">PORTABILITY ISSUES</A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M30" NAME="L385">KEYWORDS</A>
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<DD><A HREF="filename.htm#M31" NAME="L386">SEE ALSO</A>
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</DL><HR>
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<H3><A NAME="M2">NAME</A></H3>
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filename - File name conventions supported by Tcl commands
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<H3><A NAME="M3">INTRODUCTION</A></H3>
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All Tcl commands and C procedures that take file names as arguments
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expect the file names to be in one of three forms, depending on the
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current platform. On each platform, Tcl supports file names in the
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standard forms(s) for that platform. In addition, on all platforms,
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Tcl supports a Unix-like syntax intended to provide a convenient way
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of constructing simple file names. However, scripts that are intended
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to be portable should not assume a particular form for file names.
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Instead, portable scripts must use the <B><A HREF="../TkCmd/file.htm">file split</A></B> and <B>file
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join</B> commands to manipulate file names (see the <B><A HREF="../TkCmd/file.htm">file</A></B> manual
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entry for more details).
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<H3><A NAME="M4">PATH TYPES</A></H3>
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File names are grouped into three general types based on the starting point
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for the path used to specify the file: absolute, relative, and
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volume-relative. Absolute names are completely qualified, giving a path to
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the file relative to a particular volume and the root directory on that
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volume. Relative names are unqualified, giving a path to the file relative
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to the current working directory. Volume-relative names are partially
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qualified, either giving the path relative to the root directory on the
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current volume, or relative to the current directory of the specified
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volume. The <B><A HREF="../TkCmd/file.htm">file pathtype</A></B> command can be used to determine the
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type of a given path.
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<H3><A NAME="M5">PATH SYNTAX</A></H3>
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The rules for native names depend on the value reported in the Tcl
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array element <B>tcl_platform(platform)</B>:
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<P>
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<DL>
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<P><DT><A NAME="M6"><B>mac</B></A><DD>
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On Apple Macintosh systems, Tcl supports two forms of path names. The
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normal Mac style names use colons as path separators. Paths may be
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relative or absolute, and file names may contain any character other
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than colon. A leading colon causes the rest of the path to be
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interpreted relative to the current directory. If a path contains a
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colon that is not at the beginning, then the path is interpreted as an
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absolute path. Sequences of two or more colons anywhere in the path
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are used to construct relative paths where <B>::</B> refers to the
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parent of the current directory, <B>:::</B> refers to the parent of the
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parent, and so forth.
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<P>
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In addition to Macintosh style names, Tcl also supports a subset of
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Unix-like names. If a path contains no colons, then it is interpreted
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like a Unix path. Slash is used as the path separator. The file name
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<B> .</B> refers to the current directory, and <B> ..</B> refers to the
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parent of the current directory. However, some names like <B>/</B> or
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<B>/..</B> have no mapping, and are interpreted as Macintosh names. In
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general, commands that generate file names will return Macintosh style
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names, but commands that accept file names will take both Macintosh
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and Unix-style names.
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<P>
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The following examples illustrate various forms of path names:
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<P>
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<DL>
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<P><DT><A NAME="M7"><B>:</B></A><DD>
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Relative path to the current folder.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M8"><B>MyFile</B></A><DD>
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Relative path to a file named <B>MyFile</B> in the current folder.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M9"><B>MyDisk:MyFile</B></A><DD>
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Absolute path to a file named <B>MyFile</B> on the device named <B>MyDisk</B>.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M10"><B>:MyDir:MyFile</B></A><DD>
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Relative path to a file name <B>MyFile</B> in a folder named
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<B>MyDir</B> in the current folder.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M11"><B>::MyFile</B></A><DD>
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Relative path to a file named <B>MyFile</B> in the folder above the
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current folder.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M12"><B>:::MyFile</B></A><DD>
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Relative path to a file named <B>MyFile</B> in the folder two levels above the
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current folder.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M13"><B>/MyDisk/MyFile</B></A><DD>
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Absolute path to a file named <B>MyFile</B> on the device named
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<B>MyDisk</B>.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M14"><B> ../MyFile</B></A><DD>
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Relative path to a file named <B>MyFile</B> in the folder above the
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current folder.
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<P></DL>
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<P><DT><A NAME="M15"><B>unix</B></A><DD>
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On Unix platforms, Tcl uses path names where the components are
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separated by slashes. Path names may be relative or absolute, and
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file names may contain any character other than slash. The file names
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<B> .</B> and <B> ..</B> are special and refer to the current directory
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and the parent of the current directory respectively. Multiple
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adjacent slash characters are interpreted as a single separator.
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The following examples illustrate various forms of path names:
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<P>
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<DL>
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<P><DT><A NAME="M16"><B>/</B></A><DD>
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Absolute path to the root directory.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M17"><B>/etc/passwd</B></A><DD>
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Absolute path to the file named <B>passwd</B> in the directory
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<B>etc</B> in the root directory.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M18"><B> .</B></A><DD>
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Relative path to the current directory.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M19"><B>foo</B></A><DD>
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Relative path to the file <B>foo</B> in the current directory.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M20"><B>foo/bar</B></A><DD>
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Relative path to the file <B>bar</B> in the directory <B>foo</B> in the
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current directory.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M21"><B> ../foo</B></A><DD>
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Relative path to the file <B>foo</B> in the directory above the current
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directory.
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<P></DL>
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<P><DT><A NAME="M22"><B>windows</B></A><DD>
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On Microsoft Windows platforms, Tcl supports both drive-relative and UNC
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style names. Both <B>/</B> and <B>\</B> may be used as directory separators
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in either type of name. Drive-relative names consist of an optional drive
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specifier followed by an absolute or relative path. UNC paths follow the
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general form <B>\\servername\sharename\path\file</B>. In both forms,
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the file names <B>.</B> and <B>..</B> are special and refer to the current
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directory and the parent of the current directory respectively. The
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following examples illustrate various forms of path names:
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<P>
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<DL>
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<P><DT><A NAME="M23"><B> \\Host\share/file</B></A><DD>
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Absolute UNC path to a file called <B><A HREF="../TkCmd/file.htm">file</A></B> in the root directory of
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the export point <B>share</B> on the host <B>Host</B>.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M24"><B>c:foo</B></A><DD>
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Volume-relative path to a file <B>foo</B> in the current directory on drive
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<B>c</B>.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M25"><B>c:/foo</B></A><DD>
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Absolute path to a file <B>foo</B> in the root directory of drive
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<B>c</B>.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M26"><B>foo\bar</B></A><DD>
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Relative path to a file <B>bar</B> in the <B>foo</B> directory in the current
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directory on the current volume.
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<P><DT><A NAME="M27"><B> \foo</B></A><DD>
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Volume-relative path to a file <B>foo</B> in the root directory of the current
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volume.
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<P></DL>
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<P></DL>
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<H3><A NAME="M28">TILDE SUBSTITUTION</A></H3>
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In addition to the file name rules described above, Tcl also supports
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<I>csh</I>-style tilde substitution. If a file name starts with a
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tilde, then the file name will be interpreted as if the first element
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is replaced with the location of the home directory for the given
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user. If the tilde is followed immediately by a separator, then the
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<B>$HOME</B> environment variable is substituted. Otherwise the
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characters between the tilde and the next separator are taken as a
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user name, which is used to retrieve the user's home directory for
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substitution.
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<P>
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The Macintosh and Windows platforms do not support tilde substitution
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when a user name follows the tilde. On these platforms, attempts to
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use a tilde followed by a user name will generate an error. File
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names that have a tilde without a user name will be substituted using
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the <B>$HOME</B> environment variable, just like for Unix.
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<H3><A NAME="M29">PORTABILITY ISSUES</A></H3>
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Not all file systems are case sensitive, so scripts should avoid code
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that depends on the case of characters in a file name. In addition,
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the character sets allowed on different devices may differ, so scripts
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should choose file names that do not contain special characters like:
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<B><>:"/\|</B>. The safest approach is to use names consisting of
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alphanumeric characters only. Also Windows 3.1 only supports file
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names with a root of no more than 8 characters and an extension of no
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more than 3 characters.
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<H3><A NAME="M30">KEYWORDS</A></H3>
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<A href="../Keywords/C.htm#current directory">current directory</A>, <A href="../Keywords/A.htm#absolute file name">absolute file name</A>, <A href="../Keywords/R.htm#relative file name">relative file name</A>, <A href="../Keywords/V.htm#volume-relative file name">volume-relative file name</A>, <A href="../Keywords/P.htm#portability">portability</A>
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<H3><A NAME="M31">SEE ALSO</A></H3>
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<B><A HREF="../TkCmd/file.htm">file</A></B>, <B><A HREF="../TkCmd/glob.htm">glob</A></B>
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<HR><PRE>
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<A HREF="../copyright.htm">Copyright</A> © 1995-1996 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
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<A HREF="../copyright.htm">Copyright</A> © 1995-1997 Roger E. Critchlow Jr.</PRE>
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</BODY></HTML>
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